Encuentros culturales en las aulas
contacto interétnico, amenaza percibida y actitudes del alumnado hacia la diversidad
Resumen
Este estudio analiza cómo el contacto interétnico en las escuelas influye en el apoyo de los adolescentes autóctonos a la preservación cultural de los inmigrantes. A partir de la teoría del contacto intergrupal y de la teoría de la amenaza percibida, se exploran tanto los efectos directos como los indirectos del contacto entre iguales a través de la reducción de la amenaza percibida, distinguiendo entre tres grupos de inmigrantes que difieren en estatus social y distancia cultural: latinos, rumanos y marroquíes. El análisis se basa en los datos de una encuesta a 349 estudiantes autóctonos de educación secundaria en la provincia catalana de Lérida (España). Los resultados de una serie de modelos de regresión muestran que el contacto con compañeros inmigrantes se asocia positivamente con el apoyo a la preservación cultural y que esta relación está parcialmente mediada por una reducción del nivel de amenaza percibida. No obstante, estos efectos positivos dependen del estatus social del grupo de referencia: el contacto incrementa el apoyo a la preservación cultural de latinos y rumanos, pero no de marroquíes, quienes ocupan una posición más devaluada en la jerarquía étnica local. Por otro lado, no se hallaron evidencias de un efecto de transferencia secundaria entre grupos. El contacto entre iguales en el ámbito escolar aparece como el contexto más relevante para fomentar actitudes multiculturales, en comparación con el contacto con adultos o con iguales fuera de la escuela. Los resultados ponen de relieve tanto el potencial como los límites del contacto interétnico durante la adolescencia, y subrayan la necesidad de abordar las jerarquías de estatus y la segregación estructural para poder materializar la promesa integradora de los entornos escolares diversos.
Palabras clave
aculturación, mantenimiento cultural, preservación de la cultura de origen, contacto intergrupal, amistades interétnicas, iguales, centros escolares, CataluñaCitas
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Derechos de autor 2026 Josep Ubalde, Judit Janés, Fernando Senar, Cecilio Lapresta
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