What does it mean to participate? Gender influence on the image of participation
Abstract
Participation is the core of all democratic theory and practice. Both classical and contemporary reflections on democracy echo the participatory imperative. However, there exist different notions of what it means to participate, which depend, among other things, on the enunciating agent’s theoretical positioning in the academic field as well as the social position of that agent. Considering this diversity of meanings, this article defends the idea that different domination systems (gender, race, social class, age, etc.) permeate participation and explores, from a biographical point of view, the influence of gender and its relationship with other structures such as age when it comes to ways of understanding participation. To achieve this aim, participatory biographies of 42 women and six men who form part of a democratic innovation apparatus in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country are used. Furthermore, data from five discussion groups held with 21 of these 42 women are analyzed. The study reveals three images of participation: broad, mixed and restrictive understandings of participation. These images help to map the conceptual diversity on the issue of participation and also to study the theoretical and practical implications of the use of each.Keywords
feminist subaltern counterpublic, democratic innovations, symbolic power, feminist theory, Basque CountryReferences
Abelson, Julia et al. (2006). Assessing the Impacts of Public Participation: Concepts, Evidence and Policy Implications. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Reseach Networks. Disponible en web: http://www.cprn.org/documents/42669_fr.pdf [Consulta: 21 de abril de 2016].
Alfama, Eva (2009). «Lo riu és vida». Memoria de investigación del Programa de Doctorado en Psicología Social. Barcelona: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
Barcena, Iñaki (2004). Democracia ecológica. Madrid: Atrapasueños.
Becker, Howard (1960). «Notes on the Concept of Commitment». American Journal of Sociology (66), 32-40.
Berger, Michele (2009). The Intersectional Approach: Transforming the Academy through Race, Class and Gender. EE. UU.: University of Noth Carolina Press.
Biglia, Barbara (2013). «Experiencias fronterizas y efectos de las movilidades sociales y de clase». Papers, 98 (4), 751-772. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v98n4.558
Bilgune Feminista (2008). «Euskal Herriko IV. Jardunaldi Feministak». IV Jornadas Feministas de Euskal Herria. Celebradas en Portugalete los días 12 y 13 de diciembre.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1972). Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique. Ginebra: Droz.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1977). «Sur le pouvoir symbolique». Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, (3), 405-411. https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1977.293828
Bourdieu, Pierre (2013). «Séminaires sur le concept de champs 1972- 1975». Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 5 (200), 4-37. https://doi.org/10.3917/arss.200.0004
Canales, Manuel y Peinado, Anselmo (1994). «Grupos de discusión». En Delgado, José Manuel; Gutiérrez, Juan. Métodos y técnicas cualitativas de investigación en Ciencias Sociales. Madrid: Síntesis.
Caul, Mike (1999). «Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties». Party Politics, 5 (1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068899005001005
Collins, Patricia Hill (1990). Black Feminist Thought. Knowledge, Consciousness, and The Politics of Empowerment. Londres: Routledge.
Collins, Patricia Hill (2010). «The New Politics of Community». American Sociological Review, 75 (1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410363293
Collins, Patricia Hill (2017). «The Difference That Power Makes: Intersectionality and Participatory Democracy». Investigaciones Feministas, 7 (2): 1-30.
Collins, Patricia Hill y Bilge, Sirma (2016). Intersectionality. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Comisión Feminismos Sol (2013). Dossier de la Comisión de Feminismos de Sol. Madrid: CFS. Disponible en web: https://n-1.cc/file/download/540220 [Consulta: 6 de mayo de 2017].
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989). «Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics». University of Chicago Legal Forum, (149): 139-67. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
Cunill, Nuria (1991). Participación ciudadana, dilemas y perspectivas para la democratización de los Estados latinoamericanos. Caracas: CLAD.
Dienel, Peter (2000). Repensar la democracia: los núcleos de intervención participativa. Madrid: Ediciones del Serbal.
Falquet, Jules (2005). «Trois questions aux mouvements sociaux “progresistes” apports de la théorie féministe à l’analyse des mouvements sociaux». Nouvelles Questions Féministes, 24 (3), 18- 35. https://doi.org/10.3917/nqf.243.0018
Fishkin, James (1991). «Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform». New Haven: Yale University Press.
Fishkin, James (2009). «When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation». Oxford: University Press.
Fraser, Nancy (1990). «Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy». Social Text, 25/26, 56-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/466240
Fraser, Nancy (1997). Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the «Postsocialist» Condition. Londres: Routlege.
Fraser, Nancy (2008). Scales of Justice: Reimagining Political Space in a Globalizing World. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Fraser, Nancy (2013). Fortunes of Feminism. From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis. Londres: Verso.
García de León, María Antonia (1994). Elites discriminadas. Sobre el poder de las mujeres. Barcelona: Anthropos.
González, Miren Llona (2012). Entreverse: teoría y metodología práctica de las fuentes orales. Bilbao: UPV- EHU.
Gould, Deborah (2009). Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s Fight Against AIDS. EE. UU.: University of Chicago Press.
Grönlund, Kimmo et al. (2014). Deliberative Mini-Publics. Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process. UK: ECPR Press.
Habermas, Jurgen (1989). The Structural Tranformation of The Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Hernández, Jone Miren (2008). Hacia una cartografía de la participación invisible. Ayudas Francesca Bonnemaison, Diputación de Barcelona.
Ibarra, Pedro (2008). Relational Democracy. Nevada: Center of Basque Studies.
Komter, Aafke E. (2005). Social Solidarity and the Gift. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mansbridge, Jane (1990). Beyond Adversary Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University of Chicago.
Mansbridge, Jane (1994). «Feminism and democratic community». Schools of thought in politics. En: Okin, Susan et al. EE. UU.: Edward Elgar Pub.
Martínez-Palacios, Jone (2013). «La participation des femmes aux mobilisations environnementales». Nouvelles éditions rationalistes, Raison présente, (186), 27- 39.
Martínez-Palacios, Jone (2015). «¿Le importa el sexo a la democracia participativa?». Revista de Estudios Políticos (168), 151-174. https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/rep.168.05
Martínez-Palacios, Jone (2016). «Equality and Diversity in Democracy: How can We Democratize Inclusively?». Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal (35), 350-563. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-04-2016-0030
Martínez-Palacios, Jone (Coord.) (2017a). Innovaciones democráticas feministas. Dyckinson: Oñati.
Martínez-Palacios, Jone (2017b). «Exclusión, profundización democrática e interseccionalidad». Revista Investigaciones Feministas, 15 (2): 1-20.
Martínez-Palacios, Jone y Bach, Jean-Nicolas (2016). «Mujeres y democracia participativa: ¿qué impide los proyectos de participación de las mujeres?». Revista Mexicana de Sociología (78), 497-527. www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/rms/article/download/56227/49870
Pateman, Carole (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pateman, Carole (2011). Carole Pateman: Democracy, Feminism, Welfare. Nueva York: Taylor and Fracis.
Putnam, Robert, Leonardi, Robert y Nanetti, Raffaella (1993). Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sintomer, Yves (2011). Petite histoire de l’expérimentation démocratique. Tirage au sort et politique d’Athènes à nos jours. París: La Découverte, col. Poches.
Smith, Graham (2009). Democratic Innovations. Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Verge, Tània (2015). «The Gender Regime of Political Parties: Feedback Effects between Supply and Demand». Politics & Gender, 11 (4), 754-759. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000483
Viterna, Jocelyn, et al. (2008). «How Development Matters», International Journal Of Comparative Sociology, 49 (6), 459-477. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/viterna/files/ijcs2008.pdf
Xarxa de Dones de Barcelona (1998). Transformem la ciutat donant valor a la participació de les dones. Disponible en web: http://www.bcn.cat/congresdones/cponenc2.htm#1Introduccio [Consulta: 20 de enero de 2015].
Young, Iris Marion (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Young, Iris Marion (1996). «Vida política y diferencia de grupo: una crítica del ideal de ciudadanía universal». Perspectivas feministas en teoría política. Castells, Carme. Barcelona: Paidós, 99-127.
Young, Iris Marion (2000). Inclusion & Democracy. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Published
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2018 Jone Martínez-Palacios
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
