Pautas de homofilia en Chile

Matías Andrés Bargsted Valdés; Vicente Espinoza; Alejandro Plaza

doi:10.5565/rev/papers.2617

Patterns of Homophily in Chile

Authors

Matías Andrés Bargsted Valdés Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Vicente Espinoza Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Universidad de Santiago
Alejandro Plaza Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

PDF (ES)

Abstract

This article characterizes the levels of homophily in Chile, that is, the tendency for social relationships to connect people who are socially similar. The study of this social propensity helps understand the bases of cohesion and conflict in current society. On the one hand, homophily can promote social integration of people into social groups; but on the other, it can favor closed relations, and with it the reproduction of a rigid and fragmented social structure. Our analysis is based on log linear models applied to personal network data (ego-centered) captured in a national survey. The results show, while controlling for demographic availability, that social relations between Chileans are strongly structured by age, religion, and to a lesser degree, by political position and educational level. We also find large levels of intergroup variation within each of these social categories. In the case of political position and religion, the frequency of intra-group social relations is much lower among majority groups than among minority groups. In sum, our estimates suggest that a group closure logic is a dominant feature of Chilean society, but subject to variations depending on the social category considered.

Keywords

homophily, social networks, log linear models, Chile

References

Abascal, Maria y Baldassarri, Delia (2015). «Love Thy Neighbor? Ethnoracial Diversity and Trust Reexamined». American Journal of Sociology, 121 (3), 722-82. https://doi.org/10.1086/683144

Blau, Peter M. (1974). «Presidential Address: Parameters of Social Structure». American Sociological Review, 39 (5), 615-635. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094309

Blau, Peter M. (1977). «A Macrosociological Theory of Social Structure». American Journal of Sociology, 83 (1), 26-54. https://doi.org/10.1086/226505

Blau, Peter M.; Beeker, Carolyn y Fitzpatrick, Kevin M. (1984). «Intersecting Social Affiliations and Intermarriage». Social Forces, 62 (3), 585-606. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.3.585

Blau, Peter M. y Schwartz, Joseph (1984). Cross-Cutting Social Circles: Testing a Macrosociological Theory of Intregroup Relations. Nueva York: Academic Press.

Brechwald, Whitney A. y Prinstein, Mitchell J. (2011). «Beyond Homophily: A Decade of Advances in Understanding Peer Influence Processes». Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21 (1), 166-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x

Burt, Ronald S. (1984). «Network Items and the General Social Survey». Social Networks, 6 (4), 293-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(84)90007-8

DiMaggio, Paul y Garip, Filiz (2011). «How Network Externalities Can Exacerbate Intergroup Inequality». American Journal of Sociology, 116 (6), 1.887-1.933. https://doi.org/10.1086/659653

Espinoza, Vicente y Canteros, Eduardo (2001). «Contactos sociales y carreras laborales en hogares chilenos de escasos recursos». Proposiciones, 32, 170-89.

Ferrand, Alexis; Mounier, Lise y Degenne, Alain (1999). «The Diversity of Personal Networks in France: Social Stratification and Relational Structures». En: Wellman, Barry (eds.). Networks in the Global Village. Life in Contemporary Communities. Nueva York: Routledge.

Fischer, Claude S. (2009). «The 2004 GSS Finding of Shrunken Social Networks: An Artifact?». American Sociological Review, 74 (4), 657-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400408

Forsé, Michel y Chauvel, Louis (1995). «L’évolution de l’homogamie en France. Une méthode pour comparer les diagonalités de plusieurs tables». Revue Française de Sociologie, 36 (1), 123-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3322313

Granovetter, Mark S. (1973). «The Strength of Weak Ties». American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1.360-80. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469

Gullickson, Aaron y Torche, Florencia (2014). «Patterns of Racial and Educational Assortative Mating in Brazil». Demography, 51 (3), 835-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0300-2

Hampton, Keith N. (2016). «Persistent and Pervasive Community: New Communication Technologies and the Future of Community». American Behavioral Scientist, 60 (1), 101-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215601714

Hampton, Keith N.; Sessions, Lauren F. y Ja Her, Eun (2011). «Core Networks, Social Isolation, and New Media: How Internet and Mobile Phone Use Is Related to Network Size and Diversity». Information, Communication & Society, 14 (1), 130-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2010.513417

Hoffman, Kelly y Centeno, Miguel (2003). «The Lopsided Continent: Inequality in Latin America». Annual Review of Sociology, 29 (1), 363-390. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100141

Kalmijn, Matthijs (1998). «Intermarriage and Homogamy: Causes, Patterns, Trends». Annual Review of Sociology, 24 (1), 395-421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.395

Laumann, Edward O. y Senter, Richard (1976). «Subjective Social Distance, Occupational Stratification, and Forms of Status and Class Consciousness: A Cross-National Replication and Extension». American Journal of Sociology, 81 (6), 1.304-1.338. https://doi.org/10.1086/226225

Lazarsfeld, Paul F. y Merton, Robert K. (1954). «Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis». En: Berger, Morroe; Abel, Theodore y Page, Charles H. (eds.). Freedom and Control in Modern Society. Nueva York: Van Nostrand.

Louch, Hugh (2000). «Personal Network Integration: Transitivity and Homophily in Strong-Tie Relations». Social Networks, 22, 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(00)00015-0

Lozares, Carlos y Verd, Joan Miquel (2011). «De la homofilia a la cohesión social y viceversa». Redes. Revista Hispana para el Análisis de Redes Sociales, 20 (1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/redes.408

Lozares, Carlos; Verd, Joan Miquel; Cruz, Irene y Barranco, Oriol (2014). «Homophily and Heterophily in Personal Networks. From Mutual Acquaintance to Relationship Intensity». Quality & Quantity, 48 (5), 2.657-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9915-4

Lumley, Thomas (2017). Survey: Analysis of Complex Survey Samples. R Package Version 3.32.

Luna, Juan Pablo y Altman, David (2011). «Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization». Latin American Politics and Society, 53 (2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00115.x

Marin, Alexandra (2004). «Are Respondents More Likely to List Alters with Certain Characteristics?». Social Networks, 26 (4), 289-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.06.001

Marsden, Peter V. (1987). «Core Discussion Networks of Americans». American Sociological Review, 52 (1), 122-131. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095397

Marsden, Peter V. (1988). «Homogeneity in Confiding Relations». Social Networks, 10 (1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(88)90010-X

Marsden, Peter V. (1990). «Network Data and Measurement». Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 435-63. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.002251

McPherson, Miller; Smith-Lovin, Lynn y Cook, James M. (2001). «Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks». Annual Review of Sociology, 27 (1), 415-444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415

McPherson, Miller; Smith-Lovin, Lynn y Brashears, Matthew E. (2006). «Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades». American Sociological Review, 71 (3), 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100301

McPherson, Miller; Smith-Lovin, Lynn y Brashears, Matthew E. (2009). «Models and Marginals: Using Survey Evidence to Study Social Networks». American Sociological Review, 74 (4), 670-681. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400409

Miguel Luken, Verónica de y Tranmer, Mark (2010). «Personal Support Networks of Immigrants to Spain: A Multilevel Analysis». Social Networks, 32 (4), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.002

Mollenhorst, Gerald; Beate, Volker y Henk, Flap (2008). «Social Contexts and Core Discussion Networks: Using a Choice-Constraint Approach to Study Similarity in Intimate Relationships». Social Forces, 86 (3), 937-65. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0010

Powers, Daniel y Xie, Yu (2008). Statistical Methods for Categorical Data Analysis. Emerald Group Publishing.

Ramos-Vidal, Ignacio (2016). «Popularidad y relaciones entre iguales en el aula: un estudio prospectivo». Psicología Educativa, 22 (2), 113-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2015.12.001

Ramos-Vidal, Ignacio; Castro, Belkis y Palacio, Jorge (2016). «Patrones de interacción y grupos de discusión política en las redes personales de jóvenes colombianos». América Latina Hoy, 73 (0), 121. https://doi.org/10.14201/alh201673121139

Ramos-Vidal, Ignacio; Villamil, Ilse y Uribe, Alicia (2019). «Underlying Dimensions of Social Cohesion in a Rural Community Affected by Wartime Violence in Colombia». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (2), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020195

Rodríguez, Santiago A. (2016). «Selección de parejas y estratificación social: hacia una agenda de investigación». Estudios Sociológicos, 34 (100), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.24201/ES.2016V34N100.1400

Silva, Patricio (2004). «Doing Politics in a Depoliticised Society: Social Change and Political Deactivation in Chile». Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23 (1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00096.x

Smith, Jeffrey A.; McPherson, Miller y Smith-Lovin, Lynn (2014). «Social Distance in the United States: Sex, Race, Religion, Age, and Education Homophily among Confidants, 1985 to 2004». American Sociological Review, 79 (3), 432-456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414531776

Solís, Patricio (2010). «Entre un buen partido y un peor es nada: selección de parejas en la Ciudad de México». Revista Latinoamericana de Población, 4 (7), 57-78.

Torche, Florencia (2010). «Educational Assortative Mating and Economic Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Three Latin American Countries». Demography, 47 (2), 481-502. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0109

Torche, Florencia y Valenzuela, Eduardo (2011). «Trust and Reciprocity: A Theoretical Distinction of the Sources of Social Capital». European Journal of Social Theory, 14 (2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431011403461

Valenzuela, Eduardo y Ayala, Cristián (2011). «Homofilia, selección e influencia en un estudio longitudinal de drogas en población escolar». Psykhe, 20 (2), 101-14. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282011000200009

Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Bellei, Cristian y Ríos, Danae de los (2014). «Socioeconomic School Segregation in a Market-Oriented Educational System. The Case of Chile». Journal of Education Policy, 29 (2), 217-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2013.806995

Wright, Erik Olin y Cho, Donmoon (1992). «The Relative Permeability of Class Boundaries to Cross-Class Friendships: A Comparative Study of the United States, Canada, Sweden, and Norway». American Sociological Review, 57 (1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096146

Author Biographies

Matías Andrés Bargsted Valdés, Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Doctor en Ciencia Políticas, Universidad de Michigan, Ann Arbor, y Profesor Asistente del Instituto de Sociología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile e investigador asociado del Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES). Sus intereses se centran en el estudio de las preferencias políticas y comportamiento electoral, sociología de la religión, diseño de encuestas y metodología cuantitativa.

Vicente Espinoza, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Universidad de Santiago

Doctor en Sociología, Universidad de Toronto. Profesor Titular de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile y Director del Magister en Ciencias Sociales. Investigador senior en IDEA, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados. Investigador asociado del Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES). Sus líneas de investigación abordan cohesión social y convivialidad desde un enfoque de redes sociales.

Alejandro Plaza, Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Magíster en Sociología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Asistente de investigación del Centro de Conflictos y Cohesión Social. Sus líneas de investigación son desigualdad y estratificación social, sociología política y metodología cuantitativa.