El estudio de viñeta para el análisis de las contrataciones laborales: una perspectiva crítica
Resumen
Un estudio de viñeta es, en esencia, una encuesta diseñada ad hoc consistente en evaluar escenarios ficticios por parte de las personas encuestadas, de tal manera que de dicha evaluación se puedan inferir opiniones o actitudes que en encuestas tradicionales no suelen salir a la luz. Sus ventajas principales son dos: en primer lugar, que, en virtud del diseño de la encuesta, se eliminan las correlaciones existentes entre variables que siempre se dan en poblaciones reales, lo que permite desentrañar mejor los efectos de esas variables; y, en segundo lugar, que las personas encuestadas responden indirectamente a las preguntas de investigación, por lo que esta técnica trata de eliminar sesgos de deseabilidad social. Tras revisar las características básicas de la técnica, el artículo plantea su utilidad desde un punto de vista crítico en relación con los siguientes aspectos: con los sesgos de deseabilidad social, con el hecho de plantear situaciones hipotéticas y no analizar comportamientos reales y, sobre todo, con su validez externa cuando se aplica a colectivos muy concretos (o hasta qué punto se pueden generalizar los resultados de este tipo de estudios).
Palabras clave
viñeta, estudios de viñeta, discriminación, género, validez interna, validez externa, encuestas factoriales, estudio factorialCitas
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