Exploring the Ties Between Commuting and Residence Change in Spain: An Analysis with Individual Data
Abstract
This article discusses the determinants of two of the most significant types of workers’ mobility: travel-to-work commuting and changes in the place of residence. It explores, in particular, the extent to which these phenomena influence each other. Accordingly, two alternative models are estimated using the multinomial logit technique. The individual data used come from the Spanish Population Census of 2011, which allows updating previous works that did not take into account the effects of the Great Recession. A significant contribution of the paper is the use of labour market areas (LMAs) as territorial reference units. Each of these areas brings together closely linked municipalities in terms of commuting flows and are delimited by boundaries that are infrequently crossed in the course of such trips; two features which make them relevant for this analysis in contrast with the alternative of using administrative territorial units as the reference geography. The recodification of the census microdata by the INE according to this territorial reference makes it possible to differentiate between migrations (change of residence involving different LMAs) and simple residential moves within a given LMA (which therefore make a change of workplace unnecessary due to the specific accessibility conditions in the LMA). The results confirm that there is a significant link between both types of mobility (commuting and migration/ residential mobility) and, in particular, that changes of residence seem to move workers away from their places of work rather than shortening their commuting trips.Keywords
commuting, residential change, local labour marketReferences
Aguilera, A. y Mignot, D. (2004). «Urban sprawl, polycentrism and commuting: A comparison of seven French urban areas». Urban Public Economics Review, 1, 93-113.
Alonso, W. (1964). Location and Land Use: Towards a General Theory of Land Rent [en línea]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674730854
Arévalo, R.; Ferrero, L.; Otero, M.S.; Uña, J. de (2008). Movilidad residencial en España: Un análisis longitudinal [en línea]. Documentos de trabajo del Departamento de Economía Aplicada de la Universidad de Vigo. http://webs.uvigo.es/x06/
Artís, M.; Romaní, J. y Suriñach, J. (2000). «Determinants of Individual Commuting in Catalonia, 1986-91: Theory and Empirical Evidence». Urban Studies, 37 (8), 1431-1450. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980020080191
Axisa, J.J.; Newbold, K.B. y Scott , D.M. (2012). «Migration, urban growth and commuting distance in Toronto’s commuter shed». Area [en línea], 44 (3), 344-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01097.x
Bloze, G. y Skak, M. (2016). «Housing equity, residential mobility and commuting». Journal of Urban Economics [en línea]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.09.003
Borjas, G.; Bronars, S. y Trejo, S. (1992). «Self-selection and internal migration in the United States». Journal of Urban Economics [en línea], 32, 159-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(92)90003-4
Brown, D.L.; Champion, T.; Coombes, M. y Wymer, C. (2015). «The Migration-commuting nexus in rural England: A longitudinal analysis». Journal of Rural Studies [en línea], 41, 118-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.06.005
Camarero, L.A. y Oliva, J. (2008). «Exploring the social face of urban mobility: Daily mobility as part of the social structure in Spain». International Journal of Urban and Regional Research [en línea], 32 (2), 344-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00778.x
Casado-Díaz, J.M. (2000a). Diferencias de género en los desplazamientos cotidianos por razones laborales. Documento de trabajo del IVIE, WP-EC 2000-03, Valencia.
Casado-Díaz, J.M. (2000b). «Local Labour Market Areas in Spain: A Case Study». Regional Studies [en línea], 34 (9), 843-856.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400020002976
Casado-Díaz, J.M. (2001). «Who are the commuters?: A microdata analysis of travel-to-work». En: Columbus, F. (ed.). European Economic and Political Issues. Nueva York: Nova Science Publishers, 25-50.
Casado, J.M.; Martínez, L. y Flórez, F. (2010): «Los mercados locales de trabajo españoles: Una aplicación del nuevo procedimiento británico». En: Albertos, J.M. y Feria, J.M. (ed.). La ciudad metropolitana en España: Procesos urbanos en los inicios del siglo xxi. Madrid. Thomson-Civitas, 275-313.
Casado-Díaz, J.M. y Coombes, M. (2011). «The delineation of 21st Century local labour market areas: A critical review and a research agenda». Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 57, 7-32.
Casado-Díaz, J.M.; Martínez-Bernabéu, L. y Flórez-Revuelta, F. (2016). «Automatic parameter tuning for functional regionalisation methods». Papers in Regional Science [en línea]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12199
Casado-Díaz, J.M.; Martínez-Bernabeu, L. y Rowe, F. (2017). «An Evolutionary Approach to the Delimitation of Labour Market Areas: An Empirical Application for Chile». Spatial Economic Analysis [en línea]. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2017.1273541
Coombes, M.G. y Bond, S. (2008). Travel-to-Work Areas: The 2007 Review. Londres. Office for National Statistics.
Coombes, M.G.; Casado-Díaz, J.M.; Martínez-Bernabeu, L. y Carausu, F. (2012). Study on comparable Labour Market Areas [en línea]. Final Research Report, Eurostat Specific Contract 50405.2010.004-2011.325. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/content/study-comparable-labour-market-areas_en
Coombes, M.G.; Green, A.E. y Openshaw, S. (1986). «An efficient algorithm to generate official statistical reporting areas: The case of the 1984 Travel-to-Work Areas revision in Britain». Journal of the Operational Research Society, 37,943-953. https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.1986.163
Faggian, A. y McCann, P. (2009). «Universities, agglomerations and graduate human capital mobility». Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie [en línea], 100 (2), 210-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2009.00530.x
Feria-Toribio, J.M.; Casado-Díaz, J.M. y Martínez-Bernabeu, L. (2015). «Inside the metropolis: The articulation of Spanish metropolitan areas into local labor markets». Urban Geography [en línea], 36 (7), 1018-1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1053199
Goodman, J.F.B. (1970). «The definition and analysis of local labour markets: Some empirical problems». British Journal of Industrial Relations [en línea], 8, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1970.tb00968.x
Greene, W.H. (2012). Econometric Analysis. 7.ª ed. Nueva York. Pearson.
Greenwood, M. (1969). «An analysis of the determinants of geographic labor mobility in the United States». Review of Economics and Statistics [en línea], 51, 189-194. https://doi.org/10.2307/1926728
Greenwood, M. y Hunt, G. (1989). «Jobs versus amenities in the analysis of metropolitan migration». Journal of Urban Economics [en línea], 25, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(89)90040-5
Greenwood, M. y Hunt, G. (2003). «The Early History of Migration Research». International Regional Science Review [en línea], 26 (1), 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017602238983
Gujarati, D. y Porter, D. (2010). Econometría. 5.ª ed. Barcelona. McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Han, Y.; Goetz, S.J.; Kim, T. y Lee, J. (2013). «Estimating Employment-Related Migration from Overlapping Migration and Commuting Networks». Growth and Change [en línea], 44 (3), 474-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12016
Knapp , T. y Graves, P. (1989). «On the role of amenities in models of migration and regional development». Journal of Regional Science [en línea], 29, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1989.tb01223.x
Marmolejo, C. y Tornés, M. (2015). «¿Reduce el policentrismo la movilidad laboral?: Un análisis para las siete grandes áreas metropolitanas en España». Scripta Nova, 18 (500), 1-30.
Martínez-Bernabéu, L. y Casado-Díaz, J.M. (2016). «Delineating zones to increase geographical detail in individual response data files: An application to the Spanish 2011 Census of population». Moravian Geographical Reports [en línea], 24 (2), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0008
Martínez-Bernabeu, L.; Flórez-Revuelta, F. y Casado-Díaz, J.M. (2012). «Grouping genetic operators for the delineation of functional areas based on spatial interaction». Expert Systems with Applications [en línea], 39 (8), 6754-6766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.12.026
Mendiola, L.; González, P. y Cebollada, A. (2014). «The link between urban development and the modal split in commuting: The case of Biscay». Journal of Transport Geography [en línea], 37, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.03.014
Molho, I. (1986). «Theories of migration: A review». Scottish Journal of Political Economy [en línea], 33 (4), 396-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1986.tb00901.x
Mueser, P. y Graves, P. (1995). «Examining the role of economic opportunity and amenities in explaining population distribution». Journal of Urban Economics [en línea], 37, 176-200. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1995.1010
Newbold, K.B. y Scott , D.M. (2013). «Migration, commuting distance, and urban sustainability in Ontario’s Greater Golden Horseshoe: Implications of the Greenbelt and Places to Grow legislation». The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe Canadien [en línea], 57 (4), 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2013.12044.x
Pino, J.A. del (2014). «Sociology of residence and mobile residence: Theoretical advances and practical limits / Sociología de la residencia y residencia móvil: Logros teóricos y limítes prácticos». Empiria [en línea], 27, 21-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/empiria.27.2014.10861
Pino, J.A. del (2015). Estructuras residenciales y movilidad: Más allá de la segunda residencia. Madrid: CIS.
Romaní, J. y Casado-Díaz, J.M. (2010). «Movilidad por razón de trabajo en áreas metropolitanas: Un análisis basado en datos individuales». En: Albertos, Juan Miguel y Feria, José María (eds.). La ciudad real en España: Procesos urbanos y metropolitanos en la primera década del siglo xxi. Madrid: Thomson-Civitas.
Romaní, J.; Suriñach, J. y Artís, M. (2003). «Are Commuting and Residential Mobility Decisions Simultaneous?: The Case of Catalonia, Spain». Regional Studies [en línea], 37 (8), 813-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000128730
Shuai, X. (2012). «Does Commuting Lead to Migration?». Journal of Regional Analysis and Police (JRAP), 42 (3), 237-250.
Simpson, Wayne (1992). Urban structure and the labour market. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
Vale, D.S. (2013). «Does commuting time tolerance impede sustainable urban mobility?: Analysing the impacts on commuting behaviour as a result of workplace relocation to a mixed-use centre in Lisbon». Journal of Transport Geography [en línea], 32, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.08.003
Wagner, M. y Mulder, C.H. (2015). «Spatial Mobility, Family Dynamics, and Housing Transitions». Köln Z Soziol (supl.) [en línea], 67, 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11490-9_6
Wrede, M. (2013). «Heterogeneous skills, migration, and commuting». Papers in Regional Science [en línea], 92 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2012.00471.x
Zax, J. (1991). «Compensation for commutes in labour and housing markets». J. Urban Econ. [en línea], 30, 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(91)90036-7
Zax, J. (1994). «When is a move a migration?». Reg. Sci. & Urban Econ. [en línea], 24, 341-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(93)02034-Z
Zax, J. y Kain, J. (1991). «Commutes, quits and moves». J. Urban Econ. [en línea], 29, 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(91)90010-5
Published
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2017 Javier Romaní, José Manuel Casado, Adelaida Lillo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
